<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <title>Wayback Machine</title>
        <script src="//archive.org/includes/jquery-1.10.2.min.js?v1.10.2" type="text/javascript"></script>
        <script src="//archive.org/includes/analytics.js?v=1a68208" type="text/javascript"></script>
        <script src="//archive.org/includes/bootstrap.min.js?v3.0.0" type="text/javascript"></script>
        <script src="https://archive.org/includes/node_modules/react/dist/react.js?v15.1.0" type="text/javascript"></script>
        <script src="https://archive.org/includes/node_modules/react-dom/dist/react-dom.js?v15.1.0" type="text/javascript"></script>
        <script src="https://archive.org/includes/archive.min.js?v=1a68208" type="text/javascript"></script>
        <link href="//archive.org/includes/archive.min.css?v=1a68208" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
            <script src="/static/js/raven.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    <script>Raven.config('https://5588e3adb3e545248e893d6f2fc41ba2@wwwb-sentry.us.archive.org/3').install();</script>
<script type="text/javascript">archive_analytics.values.service='wb';archive_analytics.values.server_name='wwwb-app45.us.archive.org';archive_analytics.values.server_ms=249;</script>
    <link href="/static/images/archive.ico" rel="shortcut icon">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/styles_v_1512410678.0.css" />

    <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/ui_v_1512410678.0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>

    <base target="_top">
    <link href="https://archive.org/web/web.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
    <!-- include component js and css -->
    <script src="/static/bower_components/wayback_search_js/dist/manifest.a780c2be7240369dba64.js"></script>
<script src="/static/bower_components/wayback_search_js/dist/vendor.9ec7ac6759304bcd4fcb.js"></script>
<script src="/static/bower_components/wayback_search_js/dist/main.afa0c95844dc01c7ad7e.js"></script>

    <script src="https://archive.org/web/carouFredSel/jquery.carouFredSel-6.2.1-packed.js?v6.2.1" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <style>
      html, body { margin:0; padding:0 }
      #faux-header {
        height: 50px;
        width: 100%;
        margin:0;
        background-color:black;
      }
      #react-wayback-search {
        max-width: 1170px;
        margin: 0 auto;
        padding: 10px;
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body class="navia">
    
      
            <style>
      .headline,
      .exclamated-headline {
        display: inline-flex;
        align-items: center;
        margin-bottom: 10px;
        font-weight: bold;
      }

      .exclamated-headline::before {
        content: "\00021";

        box-sizing: border-box;
        display: inline-block;
        flex: 0 0 1.2857142857em;
        width: 1.2857142857em;
        height: 1.2857142857em;
        line-height: 1.2857142857em;
        /* Line height leaves space for descenders, so adjust with some extra spacing. */
        padding-top: 0.1em;
        margin-right: 10px;

        border-radius: 100%;
        background-color: #333;
        color: white;

        font-weight: bold;
        font-size: 14px;
        /* -webkit-body to show good-looking exclamation mark, confirmed to be cross-browser */
        font-family: -webkit-body;
        text-align: center;
      }

      /* Restore default <address> style since Archive.org CSS removes it. */
      .donate-body address {
        font-style: italic;
      }
    </style>
          <style>
        .pun-yellow-bar {
          position: absolute;
          background-color: #ffbd50;
          left: 0;
          right: 0;
          top: 0;
          padding: 10px 20px;
        }

        .pun-yellow-bar .exclamated-headline::before {
          color: #ffbd50;
        }

        .pun-yellow-bar .exclamated-headline {
          margin-bottom: 0;
          margin-right: 10px;
          vertical-align: bottom;
        }

        /* V2-specific styles */
        .pun-yellow-bar-v2 .exclamated-headline {
          text-transform: uppercase;
        }
      </style>
        <script src="//archive.org/includes/donation_banner/donation.js?v=1a68208" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <link href="//archive.org/includes/donation_banner/banner.css?v=1a68208" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>

    <div id="donate_banner" class="row">
          <button id="donate_close" class="donate-close" type="button" aria-hidden="true" title="Close">&times;</button>
          <div class="donate-body donate-body-blue">

            <div class="donate-logo hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg">
              <img src="https://archive.org/images/Artboard.png"
                alt="Internet Archive" width="486" height="41" />
            </div>

            <div class="dpad  hidden-xs hidden-sm hidden-md"><!--lg-->
                  <div class="pun-yellow-bar pun-yellow-bar-v2">
      <span class="exclamated-headline">Donor Challenge:</span> A generous supporter will match your donation 3 to 1 right now. Triple your impact!
    </div>
    <br/>
    <br/>
    <strong>Dear Wayback Supporter, </strong> <br/>
We ask you only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. You may not know it, but we’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. We protect reader privacy. We never sell ads, but still need to pay for servers and staff. Most users can’t afford to donate, but we hope you can. <span class="highlight">If everyone chips in $25, we can keep this going for free. For the price of a meal, we can preserve a website forever. </span> When I started this, people called me crazy. <i>Collect web pages? Why? </i> <b>We built the Wayback Machine because open access to knowledge is fragile. We became the digital library of record because no one should be able to change the past.</b> I think the Internet Archive is a bargain, but we need your help. If you find our site useful, chip in what you can today. Thank you. <address>—Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive</address>            </div>
            <div class="dpad  hidden-xs hidden-sm hidden-lg"><!--md-->
              <strong>Dear Wayback Supporter, </strong> <br/>
We ask you only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. We protect reader privacy. We never sell ads, but still need to pay for servers and staff. <span class="highlight">If everyone chips in $25, we can keep this going for free. For the price of a meal, we can preserve a website forever.</span> When I started this, people called me crazy. <i>Collect web pages? Why?</i> <b>We built the Wayback Machine because open access to knowledge is fragile. We became the digital library of record because no one should be able to change the past.</b> If you find our site useful, please chip in. Thank you. <address>—Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive</address>            </div>
            <div class="dpad hidden-xs hidden-md hidden-lg"><!--sm-->
              <strong>Dear Wayback Supporter, </strong> <br/>
We ask you only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. We protect reader privacy. We never sell ads, but still need to pay for servers and staff. <span class="highlight">If everyone chips in $25, we can keep this going for free. For the price of a meal, we can preserve a website forever.</span> When I started this, people called me crazy. <i>Collect web pages? Why?</i> <b>We built the Wayback Machine because open access to knowledge is fragile. We became the digital library of record because no one should be able to change the past.</b> If you find our site useful, please chip in. Thank you. <address>—Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive</address>            </div>
            <div class="dpad hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"><!--xs-->
                <strong>Dear Wayback Supporter, </strong> <br/>
We ask you only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. We’re an independent, non-profit website that the entire world depends on. We never sell ads, but still need to pay for servers and staff. <span class="highlight">If everyone chips in $25, we can keep this going for free. For the price of a meal, we can preserve a website forever.</span> When I started this, people called me crazy. <i>Collect web pages? Why?</i> <b>We built the Wayback Machine because open access to knowledge is fragile. No one should be able to change the past. </b> If you find our site useful, please chip in. Thank you. <address>—Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive</address>            </div>
        </div>

      <div class="donate-form">
      <!-- Donation Form Start -->
          <div class="donate-form-section">
            <div class="white-box">
              <fieldset>
                <legend class="sr-only"><h2>Donation Type</h2></legend>
                <ul class="donationtype">
                  <li>
                    <input type="radio" name="type" id="type_oneoff" checked="true"
                           required="required" value="one-time">
                    <label for="type_oneoff"><span class="helper"></span>JUST ONCE</label>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <input type="radio" name="type" id="type_subscription" required="required" value="monthly">
                    <label for="type_subscription"><span class="helper"></span>MONTHLY</label>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </fieldset>
              <fieldset>
                  <h5 class="text-center" aria-hidden="true">Choose an amount</h5>
                  <legend class="sr-only"><h2>Choose an amount</h2></legend>
                <ul class="donationlevel">
                                      <li><input type="radio" name="amount" id="amount_5" value="5"
                                            ><label for="amount_5"><span class="helper"></span><span
                        class="vertical-align-middle"> $5 </span></label></li>
                                      <li><input type="radio" name="amount" id="amount_10" value="10"
                                            ><label for="amount_10"><span class="helper"></span><span
                        class="vertical-align-middle"> $10 </span></label></li>
                                      <li><input type="radio" name="amount" id="amount_25" value="25"
                       checked="true"                       ><label for="amount_25"><span class="helper"></span><span
                        class="vertical-align-middle"> $25 </span></label></li>
                                      <li><input type="radio" name="amount" id="amount_50" value="50"
                                            ><label for="amount_50"><span class="helper"></span><span
                        class="vertical-align-middle"> $50 </span></label></li>
                                      <li><input type="radio" name="amount" id="amount_75" value="75"
                                            ><label for="amount_75"><span class="helper"></span><span
                        class="vertical-align-middle"> $75 </span></label></li>
                                      <li><input type="radio" name="amount" id="amount_100" value="100"
                                            ><label for="amount_100"><span class="helper"></span><span
                        class="vertical-align-middle"> $100 </span></label></li>
                                      <li><input type="radio" name="amount" id="amount_250" value="250"
                                            ><label for="amount_250"><span class="helper"></span><span
                        class="vertical-align-middle"> $250 </span></label></li>
                                    <li id="other_amt">
                    <label for="custamt" class="sr-only">Use custom amount</label><input type="radio"
                      id="custamt" name="amount" value="">
                    <div class="blue-bg"><span class="helper"></span>
                      <span class="vertical-align-middle">
                        <label for="amount_custom"><span class="sr-only">Enter
                        </span><span class="helper"></span><span class="vertical-align-middle donate-other-text">
                          Other: </span></label>
                        <input name="amount" id="amount_custom" type="text" style="text-align:right">
                      </span>
                    </div>
                  </li>
                </ul>
              </fieldset>
              <div class="service">
                <div id="oneoff_buttons">
                  <h5 class="text-center" aria-hidden="true">Select a payment method</h5>
                  <h2 class="sr-only">Select a payment method</h2>
                  <!--kelsey says copy these areas for donate banner campaigns and "Stripe necessary script"
                      tag below (and form #stripeComplete if want a thank you page post donate) (tracey Nov 2015)  -->
                  <!-- stripe one-time -->
                  <div class="button-wrap">
                    <a id="stripeOneTime" title="Donate using Credit" role="button" class="focus-on-child-only" href="/donate/" onclick="return false">
                      <img src="//archive.org/images/credit-banner-sm.png" alt="Credit" style="padding-top:10px">
                    </a>
                  </div>

                  <!-- paypal one-time -->
                  <form style="display:inline-block; vertical-align: top;" method="post" target="_top"
                    action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" onsubmit="return getDonationAmount(2)">
                    <input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_donations">
                    <input type="hidden" name="business" value="EBHK3PQRGBQH6">
                    <input type="hidden" name="image_url" value="https://archive.org/download/internetarchivelogoblackonwhite/IABW.png">
                    <input type="hidden" name="lc" value="US">
                    <input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="Donate to the Internet Archive">
                                        <input value="Help the Internet Archive become one of the world's great libraries with a tax-deductible donation."
                      type="hidden" name="item_number"
                      ><input type="hidden" name="no_note" value="1">
                    <input type="hidden" name="no_shipping" value="2">
                    <input type="hidden" name="rm" value="2">
                    <input type="hidden" name="return" value="https://archive.org/services/donate.php?service=paypal">
                    <input type="hidden" name="currency_code" value="USD">
                    <input type="hidden" name="bn" value="PP-DonationsBF:btn_donate_LG.gif:NonHostedGuest">
                                        <input type="hidden" name="encrypted" value="-----BEGIN PKCS7-----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-----END PKCS7-----">
                    <input type="hidden" name="amount" value="" id="a2">
                    <input type="hidden" name="charset" value="utf-8">
                    <div class="button-wrap"><input type="image" name="submit"
                         src="//archive.org/images/paypal-banner-sm.png"
                         alt="Donate using Paypal" style="padding-top:8px"></div>
                  </form>

                    <!-- bitcoin one-time -->
                    <div class="button-wrap" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top"><a
                      href="//archive.org/donate/bitcoin.php" title="Donate using Bitcoin" role="button"
                      class="focus-on-child-only"><img src="//archive.org/images/bitcoin-sm.png"
                      alt="Bitcoin" style="padding-top:10px"></a></div>
                </div>

                <div id="subscription_buttons">
                  <h5 class="text-center" aria-hidden="true">Select a payment method</h5>
                  <h2 class="sr-only">Select a payment method</h2>
                  <!-- stripe subscription -->
                  <div class="button-wrap">
                    <a id="stripeMonthly" title="Donate using Credit" role="button" class="focus-on-child-only" href="/donate/" onclick="return false">
                      <img src="//archive.org/images/credit-banner-sm.png" alt="Credit" style="padding-top:10px">
                    </a>
                  </div>

                  <!-- paypal subscription -->
                  <form style="display:inline-block; vertical-align: top;" action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr"
                        method="post" target="_top" onsubmit="return getDonationAmount(5)">
                    <input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_xclick-subscriptions">
                    <input type="hidden" name="business" value="EBHK3PQRGBQH6">
                    <input type="hidden" name="image_url" value="https://archive.org/download/internetarchivelogoblackonwhite/IABW.png">
                    <input type="hidden" name="lc" value="US">
                    <input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="Give Monthly to the Internet Archive">
                                        <input value="help the Internet Archive become one of the world’s great libraries with a tax-deductible subscription"
                      type="hidden" name="item_number"
                      ><input type="hidden" name="no_note" value="1">
                    <input type="hidden" name="no_shipping" value="2">
                    <input type="hidden" name="rm" value="2">
                    <input type="hidden" name="return" value="https://archive.org/services/donate.php?service=paypal">
                    <input type="hidden" name="bn" value="PP-DonationsBF:btn_donate_LG.gif:NonHostedGuest">
                                        <input type="hidden" name="encrypted" value="-----BEGIN PKCS7-----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-----END PKCS7-----">
                    <input type="hidden" name="a3" value="5" id="a5">
                    <input type="hidden" name="src" value="1">
                    <input type="hidden" name="p3" value="1">
                    <input type="hidden" name="t3" value="M">
                    <input type="hidden" name="currency_code" value="USD">
                    <input type="hidden" name="charset" value="utf-8">
                    <div class="button-wrap"><input type="image" src="//archive.org/images/paypal-banner-sm.png"
                      name="submit" alt="Donate using Paypal" style="padding-top:8px"></div>
                  </form>
                </div>
                <div>
                  <form id="stripeComplete" method="post"
                        action="https://archive.org/services/donate.php?service=stripe">
                    <input type="hidden" name="email">
                    <input type="hidden" name="type">
                    <input type="hidden" name="amount">
                    <input type="hidden" name="chargeID">
                    <input type="hidden" name="service" value="stripe">
                    <input id="stripe_public_key" type="hidden" name="public_key" value="pk_live_L9aRzs0bNDXXnmccSb65OZyU">
                  </form>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="donate-later-wrap">
                <a id="donate_later">Maybe Later</a>
                <div class="donate-dropdown" id="donate_dropdown">
                  <form id="donate_reminder_form">
                    <label for="email">Send me an email reminder</label>
                    <input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Email address" />
                    <div class="error-email">Please enter a valid email address.</div>
                    <button type="submit">Submit</button>
                    <p>By submitting, you agree to receive donor-related emails from the Internet Archive. Your privacy is important to us. We do not sell or trade your information with anyone.</p>
                  </form>
                  <div class="reminder-success" id="donate_reminder_success">
                    <h2></h2>
                    <p></p>
                  </div>
                  <div class="text-center">
                    <a class="close-donate-dropdown" id="close_donate_dropdown" title="Close the Donate Dropdown">CLOSE <span>×</span></a>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div> <!--/.white-box -->
          <!--- Donation Form End -->
          </div> <!--/.box -->
        </div> <!-- end donation form col -->
      </div>
            


        <div id="navwrap1">
          <div id="navwrap2">

            <div id="nav-tophat" class="collapse">
                                              
                  <div class="row toprow web" style="max-width:1000px;margin:auto;">
                    <div class="col-xs-12">
                      <div class="wayback-txt">
                        Search the history of over 308 billion                        <a style="display:inline"
                          href="https://blog.archive.org/2016/10/23/defining-web-pages-web-sites-and-web-captures/"
                          >web pages</a> on the Internet.
                      </div>
                      <div class="roundbox7 wayback-main">
                        <div class="row">
                          <div class="col-sm-6" style="padding-left:0; padding-right:0;">
                            <a style="padding-bottom:0" href="https://archive.org/web/"
                              ><img src="https://archive.org/images/WaybackLogoSmall.png" alt="Wayback Machine"/></a>
                          </div>
                          <div class="col-sm-6" style="padding-top:13px;">
                            <form style="position:relative;">
                              <span class="iconochive-search"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">search</span>                              <label for="nav-wb-url" class="sr-only">Search the Wayback Machine</label>
                              <input id="nav-wb-url" class="form-control input-sm roundbox20" type="text"
                                placeholder="enter URL or keywords" name="url" autocomplete="off"
                                onclick="$(this).css('padding-left','').parent().find('.iconochive-search').hide()"/>
                            </form>
                          </div>
                        </div><!--/.row-->
                      </div><!--/.wayback-main-->
                    </div>
                  </div><!--./row-->

                                                              
                  <div class="row toprow fivecolumns texts">

                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-4">
                        
                          <div class="linx">
                            <h5>Featured</h5>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/details/texts"><span class="iconochive-texts"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">texts</span> All Texts</a>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype:texts&sort=-publicdate"
                              ><span class="iconochive-latest"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">latest</span> This Just In</a>
                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/smithsonian" title="Smithsonian Libraries">Smithsonian Libraries</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/fedlink" title="FEDLINK (US)">FEDLINK (US)</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/lincolncollection" title="Lincoln Collection">Lincoln Collection</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/additional_collections" title="Additional Collections">Additional Collections</a>                                                      </div>

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-2">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center class="items_list">        <div class="items_list_img">
          <a
            href="https://archive.org/details/texts"
            style="background-image: url('https://archive.org/services/img/texts');"
            aria-hidden="true"
            data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink"
          ></a>
        </div>
        <a class="stealth boxy-label" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink" href="https://archive.org/details/texts">eBooks &amp; Texts</a></center>                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-2">
                        
                          <div class="linx ">
                                                          <h5>Top</h5>
                                                                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/americana" title="American Libraries">American Libraries</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/toronto" title="Canadian Libraries">Canadian Libraries</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/universallibrary" title="Universal Library">Universal Library</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/opensource" title="Community Texts">Community Texts</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/biodiversity" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/iacl" title="Children's Library">Children's Library</a>                                                      </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-4">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center>
<a href="https://openlibrary.org"><img class="img-responsive" style="margin-bottom:15px" src="https://archive.org/images/widgetOL.png"/><b>Open Library</b></a></center>
                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7">
                        
                          <div class="linx linx-topped">
                                                                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/porthuroncentralhsyearbooks" title="porthuroncentralhsyearbooks">porthuroncentralhsyearbooks</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/lowellhsyearbooks" title="lowellhsyearbooks">lowellhsyearbooks</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/newinternationayearbooks" title="newinternationayearbooks">newinternationayearbooks</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/plattsburghstatenormalschoolyearbooks" title="plattsburghstatenormalschoolyearbooks">plattsburghstatenormalschoolyearbooks</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/lsushreveportyearbooks" title="lsushreveportyearbooks">lsushreveportyearbooks</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/stateteacherscollegeatlowellyearbooks" title="stateteacherscollegeatlowellyearbooks">stateteacherscollegeatlowellyearbooks</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/fortordyearbooks" title="fortordyearbooks">fortordyearbooks</a>                                                      </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                    
                  </div><!--/.row-->
                                                              
                  <div class="row toprow fivecolumns movies">

                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-4">
                        
                          <div class="linx">
                            <h5>Featured</h5>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/details/movies"><span class="iconochive-movies"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">movies</span> All Video</a>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype:movies&sort=-publicdate"
                              ><span class="iconochive-latest"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">latest</span> This Just In</a>
                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/prelinger" title="Prelinger Archives">Prelinger Archives</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/democracy_now_vid" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/occupywallstreet" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/nsa" title="TV NSA Clip Library">TV NSA Clip Library</a>                                                      </div>

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-2">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center class="items_list">        <div class="items_list_img">
          <a
            href="https://archive.org/details/tv"
            style="background-image: url('https://archive.org/services/img/tv');"
            aria-hidden="true"
            data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink"
          ></a>
        </div>
        <a class="stealth boxy-label" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink" href="https://archive.org/details/tv">TV News</a></center>                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-2">
                        
                          <div class="linx ">
                                                          <h5>Top</h5>
                                                                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/animationandcartoons" title="Animation &amp; Cartoons">Animation & Cartoons</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/artsandmusicvideos" title="Arts &amp; Music">Arts & Music</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/opensource_movies" title="Community Video">Community Video</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/computersandtechvideos" title="Computers &amp; Technology">Computers & Technology</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/culturalandacademicfilms" title="Cultural &amp; Academic Films">Cultural & Academic Films</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/ephemera" title="Ephemeral Films">Ephemeral Films</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/moviesandfilms" title="Movies">Movies</a>                                                      </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-4">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center class="items_list">        <div class="items_list_img">
          <a
            href="https://archive.org/details/911"
            style="background-image: url('https://archive.org/services/img/911');"
            aria-hidden="true"
            data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink"
          ></a>
        </div>
        <a class="stealth boxy-label" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink" href="https://archive.org/details/911">Understanding 9/11</a></center>                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7">
                        
                          <div class="linx linx-topped">
                                                                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/newsandpublicaffairs" title="News &amp; Public Affairs">News & Public Affairs</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/spiritualityandreligion" title="Spirituality &amp; Religion">Spirituality & Religion</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/sports" title="Sports Videos">Sports Videos</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/television" title="Television">Television</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/gamevideos" title="Videogame Videos">Videogame Videos</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/vlogs" title="Vlogs">Vlogs</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/youth_media" title="Youth Media">Youth Media</a>                                                      </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                    
                  </div><!--/.row-->
                                                              
                  <div class="row toprow fivecolumns audio">

                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-4">
                        
                          <div class="linx">
                            <h5>Featured</h5>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/details/audio"><span class="iconochive-audio"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">audio</span> All Audio</a>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype:audio&sort=-publicdate"
                              ><span class="iconochive-latest"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">latest</span> This Just In</a>
                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/GratefulDead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/netlabels" title="Netlabels">Netlabels</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/oldtimeradio" title="Old Time Radio">Old Time Radio</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/78rpm" title="78 RPMs and Cylinder Recordings">78 RPMs and Cylinder Recordings</a>                                                      </div>

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-2">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center class="items_list">        <div class="items_list_img">
          <a
            href="https://archive.org/details/etree"
            style="background-image: url('https://archive.org/services/img/etree');"
            aria-hidden="true"
            data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink"
          ></a>
        </div>
        <a class="stealth boxy-label" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink" href="https://archive.org/details/etree">Live Music Archive</a></center>                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-2">
                        
                          <div class="linx ">
                                                          <h5>Top</h5>
                                                                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/audio_bookspoetry" title="Audio Books &amp; Poetry">Audio Books & Poetry</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/opensource_audio" title="Community Audio">Community Audio</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/audio_tech" title="Computers &amp; Technology">Computers & Technology</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/audio_music" title="Music, Arts &amp; Culture">Music, Arts & Culture</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/audio_news" title="News &amp; Public Affairs">News & Public Affairs</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/audio_foreign" title="Non-English Audio">Non-English Audio</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/audio_podcast" title="Podcasts">Podcasts</a>                                                      </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-4">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center class="items_list">        <div class="items_list_img">
          <a
            href="https://archive.org/details/librivoxaudio"
            style="background-image: url('https://archive.org/services/img/librivoxaudio');"
            aria-hidden="true"
            data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink"
          ></a>
        </div>
        <a class="stealth boxy-label" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink" href="https://archive.org/details/librivoxaudio">Librivox Free Audiobook</a></center>                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7">
                        
                          <div class="linx linx-topped">
                                                                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/radioprograms" title="Radio Programs">Radio Programs</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/audio_religion" title="Spirituality &amp; Religion">Spirituality & Religion</a>                                                      </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                    
                  </div><!--/.row-->
                                                              
                  <div class="row toprow fivecolumns software">

                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-4">
                        
                          <div class="linx">
                            <h5>Featured</h5>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/details/software"><span class="iconochive-software"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">software</span> All Software</a>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype:software&sort=-publicdate"
                              ><span class="iconochive-latest"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">latest</span> This Just In</a>
                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/tosec" title="Old School Emulation">Old School Emulation</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/softwarelibrary_msdos_games" title="MS-DOS Games">MS-DOS Games</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/historicalsoftware" title="Historical Software">Historical Software</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/classicpcgames" title="Classic PC Games">Classic PC Games</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/softwarelibrary" title="Software Library">Software Library</a>                                                      </div>

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-2">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center class="items_list">        <div class="items_list_img">
          <a
            href="https://archive.org/details/internetarcade"
            style="background-image: url('https://archive.org/services/img/internetarcade');"
            aria-hidden="true"
            data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink"
          ></a>
        </div>
        <a class="stealth boxy-label" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink" href="https://archive.org/details/internetarcade">Internet Arcade</a></center>                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-2">
                        
                          <div class="linx ">
                                                          <h5>Top</h5>
                                                                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/open_source_software" title="Community Software">Community Software</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/softwarelibrary_msdos" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/cd-roms" title="CD-ROM Software">CD-ROM Software</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/softwaresites" title="Software Sites">Software Sites</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/cdromsoftware" title="CD-ROM Software Library">CD-ROM Software Library</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/tucows" title="Tucows Software Library">Tucows Software Library</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/apkarchive" title="APK">APK</a>                                                      </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-4">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center class="items_list">        <div class="items_list_img">
          <a
            href="https://archive.org/details/consolelivingroom"
            style="background-image: url('https://archive.org/services/img/consolelivingroom');"
            aria-hidden="true"
            data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink"
          ></a>
        </div>
        <a class="stealth boxy-label" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink" href="https://archive.org/details/consolelivingroom">Console Living Room</a></center>                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7">
                        
                          <div class="linx linx-topped">
                                                                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/cdbbsarchive" title="Shareware CD-ROMs">Shareware CD-ROMs</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/vintagesoftware" title="Vintage Software">Vintage Software</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/softwarelibrary_zx_spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/doom-cds" title="DOOM Level CD">DOOM Level CD</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/zx_spectrum_library_games" title="ZX Spectrum Library: Games">ZX Spectrum Library: Games</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/vectrex" title="Vectrex">Vectrex</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/atari_2600_library" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a>                                                      </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                    
                  </div><!--/.row-->
                                                              
                  <div class="row toprow fivecolumns image">

                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-4">
                        
                          <div class="linx">
                            <h5>Featured</h5>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/details/image"><span class="iconochive-image"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">image</span> All Image</a>
                            <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype:image&sort=-publicdate"
                              ><span class="iconochive-latest"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">latest</span> This Just In</a>
                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/flickrcommons" title="Flickr Commons">Flickr Commons</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/flickr-ows" title="Occupy Wall Street Flickr">Occupy Wall Street Flickr</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/coverartarchive" title="Cover Art">Cover Art</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/maps_usgs" title="USGS Maps">USGS Maps</a>                                                      </div>

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-2">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center class="items_list">        <div class="items_list_img">
          <a
            href="https://archive.org/details/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery"
            style="background-image: url('https://archive.org/services/img/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery');"
            aria-hidden="true"
            data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink"
          ></a>
        </div>
        <a class="stealth boxy-label" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink" href="https://archive.org/details/metropolitanmuseumofart-gallery">Metropolitan Museum</a></center>                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7 col-sm-push-2">
                        
                          <div class="linx ">
                                                          <h5>Top</h5>
                                                                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/nasa">NASA Images</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/solarsystemcollection">Solar System Collection</a>                                                          <a href="https://archive.org/details/amesresearchcenterimagelibrary">Ames Research Center</a>                                                      </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-5 col-sm-pull-4">
                                                  <div class="widgets">
                            <center class="items_list">        <div class="items_list_img">
          <a
            href="https://archive.org/details/brooklynmuseum"
            style="background-image: url('https://archive.org/services/img/brooklynmuseum');"
            aria-hidden="true"
            data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink"
          ></a>
        </div>
        <a class="stealth boxy-label" data-event-click-tracking="DetailsPage|CollectionLink" href="https://archive.org/details/brooklynmuseum">Brooklyn Museum</a></center>                          </div><!--/.widgets-->

                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                                                                <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-7">
                        
                          <div class="linx linx-topped">
                                                                                  </div>

                          
                                              </div><!--/.col-sm-2-->
                    
                  </div><!--/.row-->
                                          </div><!--/#nav-tophat-->



            <div class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-static-top" role="navigation">
              <div id="nav-tophat-helper" class="hidden-xs"></div>
              <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-main">
                                                    <li class="dropdown dropdown-ia pull-left">
                    <a title="Web" class="navia-link web" data-top-kind="web"
                      href="https://archive.org/web/" data-toggle="tooltip"
                      target="_top" data-placement="bottom"><span class="iconochive-web"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">web</span></a>
                  </li>
                                                    <li class="dropdown dropdown-ia pull-left">
                    <a title="Texts" class="navia-link texts" data-top-kind="texts"
                      href="https://archive.org/details/texts" data-toggle="tooltip"
                      target="_top" data-placement="bottom"><span class="iconochive-texts"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">texts</span></a>
                  </li>
                                                    <li class="dropdown dropdown-ia pull-left">
                    <a title="Video" class="navia-link movies" data-top-kind="movies"
                      href="https://archive.org/details/movies" data-toggle="tooltip"
                      target="_top" data-placement="bottom"><span class="iconochive-movies"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">movies</span></a>
                  </li>
                                                    <li class="dropdown dropdown-ia pull-left">
                    <a title="Audio" class="navia-link audio" data-top-kind="audio"
                      href="https://archive.org/details/audio" data-toggle="tooltip"
                      target="_top" data-placement="bottom"><span class="iconochive-audio"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">audio</span></a>
                  </li>
                                                    <li class="dropdown dropdown-ia pull-left">
                    <a title="Software" class="navia-link software" data-top-kind="software"
                      href="https://archive.org/details/software" data-toggle="tooltip"
                      target="_top" data-placement="bottom"><span class="iconochive-software"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">software</span></a>
                  </li>
                                                    <li class="dropdown dropdown-ia pull-left rightmost">
                    <a title="Image" class="navia-link image" data-top-kind="image"
                      href="https://archive.org/details/image" data-toggle="tooltip"
                      target="_top" data-placement="bottom"><span class="iconochive-image"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">image</span></a>
                  </li>
                
                <li class="navbar-brand-li"><a class="navbar-brand" href="https://archive.org/"
                  target="_top"><span class="iconochive-logo"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">logo</span></a></li>

                <li class="nav-hamburger dropdown dropdown-ia pull-right hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg">
                  <div class="container-fluid">
                    <div class="navbar-header">
                      <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse"
                              data-target="#nav-hamburger-menu" aria-expanded="false">
                        <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
                        <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                        <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                        <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                      </button>
                      <div class="navbar-collapse collapse" id="nav-hamburger-menu" aria-expanded="false">
                            <ul id="" class="nav navbar-nav">
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AboutLink" href="https://archive.org/about/">ABOUT</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ContactLink" href="https://archive.org/about/contact.php">CONTACT</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|BlogLink" href="//blog.archive.org">BLOG</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ProjectsLink" href="https://archive.org/projects">PROJECTS</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|HelpLink" href="https://archive.org/about/faqs.php">HELP</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|DonateLink" href="https://archive.org/donate">DONATE</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|JobsLink" href="https://archive.org/about/jobs.php">JOBS</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|VolunteerLink" href="https://archive.org/about/volunteerpositions.php">VOLUNTEER</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|PeopleLink" href="https://archive.org/about/bios.php">PEOPLE</a></li>
    </ul>
                          </div><!-- /.navbar-collapse -->
                    </div>
                  </div><!-- /.container-fluid -->
                </li>




                                  <li id="nav-search" class="dropdown dropdown-ia pull-right">
                    <a href="https://archive.org/search.php"
                      onclick="$(this).parents('#nav-search').find('form').submit(); return false"
                      aria-hidden="true"
                    ><span class="iconochive-search"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">search</span></a>
                    <div>
                      <form
                        class="search-form js-search-form"
                        method="get"
                        role="search"
                        action="https://archive.org/searchresults.php"
                        target="_top"
                        data-event-form-tracking="TopNav|SearchForm"
                        data-wayback-machine-search-url="https:/web/*/"
                      >
                        <input
                          id="search-bar-2"
                          class="js-search-bar"
                          placeholder="Search"
                          type="text"
                          name="search"
                          value=""
                          aria-controls="navbar_search_options"
                          aria-label="Search the Archive. Filters and Advanced Search available below."
                        >

                            <div
              id="navbar_search_options"
            class="search-options js-search-options"
      aria-expanded="false"
      aria-label="Search Options"
      data-keep-open-when-changed="false"
    >
      <fieldset>
            <label>
      <input
        type="radio"
        name="sin"
        value=""
                  checked
              >
      Search metadata    </label>
                <label>
      <input
        type="radio"
        name="sin"
        value="TXT"
              >
      Search full text of books    </label>
                <label>
      <input
        type="radio"
        name="sin"
        value="TV"
              >
      Search TV captions    </label>
                <label>
      <input
        type="radio"
        name="sin"
        value="WEB"
              >
      Search archived web sites    </label>
          </fieldset>

      <a
        href="https://archive.org/advancedsearch.php"
        class="search-options__advanced-search-link"
      >Advanced Search</a>
    </div>
    
                        <input type="submit" value="Search"/>
                      </form>
                    </div>
                  </li>
                
                <li class="dropdown dropdown-ia pull-right">
                  <a href="https://archive.org/create" _target="top" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom"
                     title="Upload"><span class="iconochive-upload"  aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only">upload</span></a>
                </li>


                <li class="dropdown dropdown-ia pull-right leftmost">
                                      <a href="https://archive.org/details/0" class="mypic ghost80"
                      onclick="$('.navbar .dropdown-menu').toggleClass('active'); return false"
                      _target="top"><img src="https://archive.org/services/img/0" alt="0"/><span class="hidden-xs-span">0</span></a>
                    <ul class="dropdown-menu mydrop" role="menu">
                                              <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/0">My library</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/0&tab=loans">My loans</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/0"
                          >My favorites</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://archive.org/details/0/web-archive"
                          >My web archive</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://archive.org/account/index.php?settings=1">Edit settings</a></li>
                                            <li><a href="https://archive.org/about/faqs.php">Get help</a></li>
                      <li><a href="https://archive.org/account/logout.php">Log out</a></li>
                                          </ul>
                                  </li>

                              </ul>

                  <ul id="nav-abouts" class="">
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|AboutLink" href="https://archive.org/about/">ABOUT</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ContactLink" href="https://archive.org/about/contact.php">CONTACT</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|BlogLink" href="//blog.archive.org">BLOG</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|ProjectsLink" href="https://archive.org/projects">PROJECTS</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|HelpLink" href="https://archive.org/about/faqs.php">HELP</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|DonateLink" href="https://archive.org/donate">DONATE</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|JobsLink" href="https://archive.org/about/jobs.php">JOBS</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|VolunteerLink" href="https://archive.org/about/volunteerpositions.php">VOLUNTEER</a></li>
      <li><a target="_top" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|PeopleLink" href="https://archive.org/about/bios.php">PEOPLE</a></li>
    </ul>
                </div><!--/.navbar-->

            
          </div><!--#navwrap1-->
        </div><!--#navwrap2-->

        
    <script type="text/javascript">show_donation_banner();</script>
    <div style="display: block; float: right; width: 28px; margin-top: 4px;">
        <a href="#" onclick="window.open('https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href), '', 'height=400,width=600'); return false;"
            class="social_button" title="Share on Facebook"><span class="iconochive-facebook" style="color:#3b5998;font-size:160%;"></span></a>
        <a href="#" onclick="window.open('https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '&via=internetarchive', '', 'height=400,width=600'); return false;"
            class="social_button" title="Share on Twitter"><span class="iconochive-twitter" style="color:#1dcaff;font-size:160%;"></span></a>
    </div>
    <a href="#" onclick="window.open('https://archive.org/wayback/web_beta_feedback.php', '', 'height=600, width=600'); return false;"
        class="btn btn-primary btn-sm feedback_button" target="_blank">Feedback</a>
    <div id="react-wayback-search"></div>

    <script>
        const num_of_explored_web_pages = '308 billion';
    
    ReactDOM.render(
      React.createElement(window.WaybackSearchComponent, {
        config: {
          api_url_anchor: '/__wb/search/anchor?q={{query}}',
          api_url_calendar_captures: '/__wb/calendarcaptures?url={{url}}&selected_year={{year}}',
          api_url_host: '/__wb/search/host?q={{query}}',
          api_url_metadata: '/__wb/search/metadata?q={{query}}',
          api_url_sparkline: '/__wb/sparkline?url={{url}}&collection=web&output=json',
          url_feedback_page: 'https://archive.org/wayback/web_beta_feedback.php',
          url_playback: '/web/{{date}}/{{url}}',
          url_playback_screenshot: '/web/',
          url_save_page_now: '/save/{{query}}',
          url_search_page: '/web/*/{{url}}/*',
          url_thumb: 'https:/thumb/{{item}}?generate=1',
          num_of_explored_web_pages: num_of_explored_web_pages,

          // compat with =< 1.3.8
          url_prefix_host: '/__wb/search/host/index_q_.html',
          url_prefix_anchor: '/__wb/search/anchor/index_q_.html',
          url_prefix_explore: '/__wb/explore/index_url_.html',
          url_prefix_metadata: '/__wb/search/metadata/index_q_.html',
          url_prefix_playback: '/web/',
          url_prefix_playback_screenshot: '/web/',
          }
        }),
      document.getElementById("react-wayback-search")
      );
        </script>
    <noscript>
      <div class="no-script-message">
        The Wayback Machine requires your browser to support JavaScript, please email <a href="mailto:info@archive.org">info@archive.org</a><br/>if you have any questions about this.
      </div>
    </noscript>
    <footer>
      <div id="footerHome">
        <p>
          The Wayback Machine is an initiative of the
          <a href="//archive.org/">Internet Archive</a>,
          a 501(c)(3) non-profit, building a digital library of
          Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital form.
          <br/>Other <a href="//archive.org/projects/">projects</a> include
          <a href="https://openlibrary.org/">Open Library</a> &amp;
          <a href="https://archive-it.org">archive-it.org</a>.
        </p>
        <p>
          Your use of the Wayback Machine is subject to the Internet Archive's
          <a href="//archive.org/about/terms.php">Terms of Use</a>.
        </p>
      </div>
    </footer>
  </body>
</html>
